The biographical film Oppenheimer opens this week, telling the story of J. Robert Oppenheimer, son of a Prussian-Jewish immigrant, who became a theoretical physicist and director of the Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. Oppenheimer is credited as the “father of the atomic bomb” for his role in the Manhattan Project, and he was present in 1945 at the first atomic bomb test. Only a few years later, Israel began its own nuclear program. Prime Minister David ben-Gurion strongly advocated for a nuclear capability to prevent another Holocaust, and he stated, “What Einstein, Oppenheimer, and Teller, the three of them are Jews, made for the United States, could also be done by scientists in Israel, for their own people.” This effort led to the secret building in the late 1950’s of the Negev Nuclear Research Center in Dimona, housing a nuclear reactor and reprocessing plant. United States embassy officials saw the construction taking place when on a helicopter fight over the area, but an Israeli official was able to convince them that the construction was of a textile factory. Israel’s nuclear enterprise remained largely secret until 1986, when a former nuclear technician at the plant, Mordechai Vanunu, released information about Israel’s nuclear program to the press. Though much is still unknown about Israel’s nuclear capability, it is estimated that Israel’s stockpile of nuclear warheads ranges between 80 and 400. When Israel first built the nuclear facility they received major support from France, which provided the nuclear reactor that was installed in Dimona. What assistance did Israel receive from another country in support of their nuclear program?